# NSVB eastern hemlock, Hot Continental Regime Mountains (M220): total aboveground biomass (without foliage), segmented model (Eq. 2), D < 9 in (22.86 cm)

Aboveground biomass equation (without leaves) for Tsuga canadensis, United States, from Westfall et al. 2024. 62 trees, DBH 3.81–22.86 cm. Listed on Tree Allometrics, a free library of tree allometric equations, each quoted from the source that published it.

## Equation

As printed in Westfall et al. 2024 (Table S8a (Table S8a_total_biomass_coefs_spcd.csv, WO-GTR-104-Supp1), columns SPCD,DIVISION,STDORGCD,model,a,a1,b,b1,c,c1):

> 261,M220,,2,0.435207622,,2.125444089,2.041079911,0.547532483,

Cite: https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-tsuga-canadensis-m220-agb-small/#equation

In this library's units, ready to compute (aboveground biomass, without leaves in kg):

```
Aboveground biomass, without leaves = 0.45359237 * 0.435207622 * (D/2.54)^2.125444089 * (H/0.3048)^0.547532483
```

Inputs: D = Diameter at breast height (1.3 m) (cm); H = Total tree height (m).
The source's own form: 0.435207622 * DBH^2.125444089 * HT^0.547532483, with DBH in in, HT in ft; output in lb.
Cite: https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-tsuga-canadensis-m220-agb-small/#canonical

This total leaves out leaves (foliage), as the source defines it.

## What it covers

- Output: Aboveground biomass, without leaves, kg
- Taxon: Tsuga canadensis (species), family Pinaceae; conifer
- Where: FIA ecodivision Hot Continental Regime Mountains (M220), mapped in GTR fig. 1. Cite: https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-tsuga-canadensis-m220-agb-small/#where
- Biomes: temperate, montane
- Stand: not stated
- Trees measured: 62. Cite: https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-tsuga-canadensis-m220-agb-small/#n_trees
- DBH range: 3.81–22.86 cm. Cite: https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-tsuga-canadensis-m220-agb-small/#dbh
- Method: NSVB segmented model (Eq. 2), coefficients for SPCD 261 in DIVISION M220 from table S8a; fitted with weighted regression to destructively sampled trees. Cite: https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-tsuga-canadensis-m220-agb-small/#method
- Verification: read in the original source
- Last checked: 2026-11-03. Cite: https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-tsuga-canadensis-m220-agb-small/#checked_at

A missing fit statistic is one the source doesn't state, or that we haven't recorded; it is never estimated. Outside the stated DBH range or region, the equation is an extrapolation.

## Source

Westfall, J.A., Coulston, J.W., Gray, A.N., Shaw, J.D., Radtke, P.J., Walker, D.M., Weiskittel, A.R., et al. (2024). A national-scale tree volume, biomass, and carbon modeling system for the United States. Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-104. Washington, DC: USDA Forest Service. 37 p.

- DOI: https://doi.org/10.2737/WO-GTR-104
- Access: open access
- Copy we read: https://research.fs.usda.gov/download/treesearch/66998.pdf
- Every equation from this source: https://treeallometry.org/sources/westfall-2024/
- Cite: https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-tsuga-canadensis-m220-agb-small/#source

## The facts, in the source's words

**Equation** (Table S8a (Table S8a_total_biomass_coefs_spcd.csv, WO-GTR-104-Supp1), columns SPCD,DIVISION,STDORGCD,model,a,a1,b,b1,c,c1):

> 261,M220,,2,0.435207622,,2.125444089,2.041079911,0.547532483,

Cite: https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-tsuga-canadensis-m220-agb-small/#equation

**Equation** (Eq. 2, p. 2):

> yi = a × Di^b × Hi^c + εi; Di < k / yi = a × k^(b−b1) × Di^b1 × Hi^c + εi; Di ≥ k

Cite: https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-tsuga-canadensis-m220-agb-small/#quote-expression

**Units** (Methods, Model development, p. 2):

> Di is diameter (inches) at breast height (4.5 feet), Hi is total tree height (feet)

Cite: https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-tsuga-canadensis-m220-agb-small/#quote-published-units

**published.output unit** (Examples of tree-level calculations, p. 8):

> units for volume and biomass predictions are cubic feet and pounds, respectively

Cite: https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-tsuga-canadensis-m220-agb-small/#quote-published-output-unit

**Taxon** (FIADB REF_SPECIES.csv (FIA DataMart), columns SPCD,COMMON_NAME,SHARED_COMMON_NAME_IND,GENUS,SPECIES,VARIETY,SUBSPECIES,SCIENTIFIC_NAME: the species codes the NSVB tables use):

> 261,eastern hemlock,N,Tsuga,canadensis,,,Tsuga canadensis

Cite: https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-tsuga-canadensis-m220-agb-small/#quote-taxon

**output.excludes** (Methods, Model development, p. 4):

> total aboveground biomass (without foliage)

Cite: https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-tsuga-canadensis-m220-agb-small/#quote-output-excludes

**Equation** (Methods, Model development, p. 2):

> k is a set segmentation point that is 9.0 inches for softwoods (SPCD<300) and 11.0 inches for hardwoods (SPCD≥300)

Cite: https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-tsuga-canadensis-m220-agb-small/#quote-expression-2

**Fit** (Table S19_component_division_spcd_scorecard.csv (WO-GTR-104-Supp1), columns VAR2,VAR3,SPCD,DIVISION,DIVISION_DESCRIPTION,N,Avg_DBH,Min_DBH,Max_DBH):

> "Total Tree Wood+Bark","TT_WDBK_DW_ADJ","261","M220","HOT_CONTINENTAL_REGIME_MOUNTAINS",62,8.24032258064516,1.5,21.7

Cite: https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-tsuga-canadensis-m220-agb-small/#quote-fit

**Fit** (Methods, Model development, p. 6):

> key modeling statistics such as sample sizes (n), tree diameter distributions (minimum, mean, and maximum)

Cite: https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-tsuga-canadensis-m220-agb-small/#quote-fit-2

**Our note:** Output is gross AGB without foliage (AGBPredicted), before NSVB's cull and broken-top reductions and harmonization with components. DBH is measured at 4.5 ft (1.37 m). Paper units: in, ft, lb; expression converts D cm→in (/2.54), H m→ft (/0.3048) and lb→kg (×0.45359237). n and the DBH range are from the scorecard for TT_WDBK_DW_ADJ in M220 (table S19) and cover the whole segmented model; the record's DBH limit at k is the segmentation point. For AGB the scorecard rates NSVB's harmonized total (TT_WDBK_DW_ADJ), not this model alone; only its n and DBH range are used. Lower branch of the segmented model; pair with westfall-2024-tsuga-canadensis-m220-agb-large.

## Checks this equation passes

On every build, the library's form and the source's own form (in its units) must both give these values within 1%.

| Inputs | Expected | We get | From |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| D = 15.24, H = 13.716 | 71.5 | 71.5 | Computed from the printed form: computed from the published form at D = 6 in, H = 45 ft, converted to cm, m and kg |

Cite: https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-tsuga-canadensis-m220-agb-small/#checks

The calculator on the page shows carbon as biomass × 0.47 (IPCC 2006 Guidelines, Vol. 4, Ch. 4, Table 4.3) and CO₂e as carbon × 44/12.

## How to cite

Cite the source for the equation: Westfall, J.A., Coulston, J.W., Gray, A.N., Shaw, J.D., Radtke, P.J., Walker, D.M., Weiskittel, A.R., et al. (2024). A national-scale tree volume, biomass, and carbon modeling system for the United States. Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-104. Washington, DC: USDA Forest Service. 37 p. https://doi.org/10.2737/WO-GTR-104

Cite this page for the record and checks: Tree Allometrics (Restoration Scope), "NSVB eastern hemlock, Hot Continental Regime Mountains (M220): total aboveground biomass (without foliage), segmented model (Eq. 2), D < 9 in (22.86 cm)", checked 2026-11-03, https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-tsuga-canadensis-m220-agb-small/. Data CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Quotes are the authors' words.

Data for this equation: https://treeallometry.org/data/equations/westfall-2024-tsuga-canadensis-m220-agb-small.json
Report a problem: email info@restorationscope.com with the equation id (westfall-2024-tsuga-canadensis-m220-agb-small) and where the right value appears.