# Betula alleghaniensis

Betulaceae. 34 equations apply. Each output lists them most specific first: fitted on this species, on a variety of it, pooled fits that included it, then its genus and family. Within each step, equations the authors advised against go last, then those read from compilations; more trees come first. The order shows how specific the evidence is, not which equation predicts best.

Wood density 0.57 g/cm³, estimated from 35 samples in 5 studies by the [Global Wood Density Database v.2](https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16919509) (Fischer et al. 2026, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.70860; CC BY 4.0).

## Aboveground biomass

1. Lambert et al. 2005 (this species): Fitted on this species; 280 trees; DBH 0.8–70.3 cm; Read from the original paper.
   - [Canadian national equation, yellow birch, dbh only (sum of wood, bark, branches, foliage; Table 3)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/lambert-2005-yellow-birch/), Lambert et al. 2005: Betula alleghaniensis, Canada; inputs DBH; DBH 0.8–70.3 cm; 280 trees.
   - [Canadian national equation, yellow birch, dbh and height (sum of wood, bark, branches, foliage; Table 4)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/lambert-2005-yellow-birch-dbh-h/), Lambert et al. 2005: Betula alleghaniensis, Canada; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 0.8–70.3 cm; 280 trees.

2. Chojnacky et al. 2014 (this species): Fitted on this species; Number of trees not stated; DBH 3–70 cm; Read from the original paper.
   - [North American taxa group: Betulaceae 0.50–0.59 spg (Table 5)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/chojnacky-2014-betulaceae-spg-050-059/), Chojnacky et al. 2014: Betula alleghaniensis, United States; inputs DBH; DBH 3–70 cm.

3. Westfall et al. 2024 (this species): Fitted on this species; 107–126 trees; DBH 4.83–70.36 cm; Read from the original paper.
   - [NSVB yellow birch, species-level (all ecodivisions): total aboveground biomass (without foliage), Schumacher-Hall model (Eq. 1)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-betula-alleghaniensis-agb/), Westfall et al. 2024: Betula alleghaniensis, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 4.83–70.36 cm; 126 trees.
   - [NSVB yellow birch, Warm Continental Division (210): total aboveground biomass (without foliage), Schumacher-Hall model (Eq. 1)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-betula-alleghaniensis-210-agb/), Westfall et al. 2024: Betula alleghaniensis, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 4.83–70.36 cm; 107 trees.

4. Repola & Ahnlund Ulvcrona 2014 (same genus): Fitted on the genus Betula; 86 trees across all species; DBH 1–11 cm; Read from the original paper.
   - [Birch aboveground biomass, young dense stands, N Sweden (Table 5)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/repola-2014-agb-birch/), Repola & Ahnlund Ulvcrona 2014: Betula, Sweden; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 1–11 cm; 86 trees.

5. Repola 2008 (same genus): Fitted on the genus Betula; 127 trees across all species; DBH 2.5–38 cm; Read from the original paper.
   - [Birch total above-ground biomass excluding foliage, Model 1a (Eq. 11)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/repola-2008-betula-total/), Repola 2008: Betula, Finland; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 2.5–38 cm; 127 trees.

6. Westfall et al. 2024 (same genus): Fitted on the genus Betula; 38 trees across all species; DBH 2.54–46.99 cm; Read from the original paper.
   - [NSVB birch spp., species-level (all ecodivisions): total aboveground biomass (without foliage), Schumacher-Hall model (Eq. 1)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-betula-spp-agb/), Westfall et al. 2024: Betula, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 2.54–46.99 cm; 38 trees.

## Stem biomass

1. Lambert et al. 2005 (this species): Fitted on this species; 280 trees; DBH 0.8–70.3 cm; Read from the original paper.
   - [Canadian national equation, yellow birch, dbh and height (stem wood plus stem bark; Table 4)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/lambert-2005-yellow-birch-dbh-h-stem/), Lambert et al. 2005: Betula alleghaniensis, Canada; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 0.8–70.3 cm; 280 trees.
   - [Canadian national equation, yellow birch, dbh only (stem wood plus stem bark; Table 3)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/lambert-2005-yellow-birch-stem/), Lambert et al. 2005: Betula alleghaniensis, Canada; inputs DBH; DBH 0.8–70.3 cm; 280 trees.

2. Repola & Ahnlund Ulvcrona 2014 (same genus): Fitted on the genus Betula; 86 trees across all species; DBH 1–11 cm; Read from the original paper.
   - [Birch stem biomass, young dense stands, N Sweden (Table 5)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/repola-2014-stem-birch/), Repola & Ahnlund Ulvcrona 2014: Betula, Sweden; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 1–11 cm; 86 trees.

## Branch biomass

1. Lambert et al. 2005 (this species): Fitted on this species; 280 trees; DBH 0.8–70.3 cm; Read from the original paper.
   - [Canadian national equation, yellow birch, dbh only (branches; Table 3)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/lambert-2005-yellow-birch-branches/), Lambert et al. 2005: Betula alleghaniensis, Canada; inputs DBH; DBH 0.8–70.3 cm; 280 trees.
   - [Canadian national equation, yellow birch, dbh and height (branches; Table 4)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/lambert-2005-yellow-birch-dbh-h-branches/), Lambert et al. 2005: Betula alleghaniensis, Canada; inputs DBH; DBH 0.8–70.3 cm; 280 trees.

2. Westfall et al. 2024 (this species): Fitted on this species; 107–126 trees; DBH 4.83–70.36 cm; Read from the original paper.
   - [NSVB yellow birch, species-level (all ecodivisions): branch biomass (wood and bark), Schumacher-Hall model (Eq. 1)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-betula-alleghaniensis-branch/), Westfall et al. 2024: Betula alleghaniensis, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 4.83–70.36 cm; 126 trees.
   - [NSVB yellow birch, Warm Continental Division (210): branch biomass (wood and bark), Schumacher-Hall model (Eq. 1)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-betula-alleghaniensis-210-branch/), Westfall et al. 2024: Betula alleghaniensis, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 4.83–70.36 cm; 107 trees.

3. Repola & Ahnlund Ulvcrona 2014 (same genus): Fitted on the genus Betula; 86 trees across all species; DBH 1–11 cm; Read from the original paper.
   - [Birch living branch biomass, young dense stands, N Sweden (Table 5)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/repola-2014-branch-birch/), Repola & Ahnlund Ulvcrona 2014: Betula, Sweden; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 1–11 cm; 86 trees.

4. Westfall et al. 2024 (same genus): Fitted on the genus Betula; 38 trees across all species; DBH 2.54–46.99 cm; Read from the original paper.
   - [NSVB birch spp., species-level (all ecodivisions): branch biomass (wood and bark), Schumacher-Hall model (Eq. 1)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-betula-spp-branch/), Westfall et al. 2024: Betula, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 2.54–46.99 cm; 38 trees.

## Foliage biomass

1. Lambert et al. 2005 (this species): Fitted on this species; 280 trees; DBH 0.8–70.3 cm; Read from the original paper.
   - [Canadian national equation, yellow birch, dbh and height (foliage; Table 4)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/lambert-2005-yellow-birch-dbh-h-foliage/), Lambert et al. 2005: Betula alleghaniensis, Canada; inputs DBH; DBH 0.8–70.3 cm; 280 trees.
   - [Canadian national equation, yellow birch, dbh only (foliage; Table 3)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/lambert-2005-yellow-birch-foliage/), Lambert et al. 2005: Betula alleghaniensis, Canada; inputs DBH; DBH 0.8–70.3 cm; 280 trees.

2. Westfall et al. 2024 (this species): Fitted on this species; 107–130 trees; DBH 3.3–70.36 cm; Read from the original paper.
   - [NSVB yellow birch, species-level (all ecodivisions): foliage biomass, Schumacher-Hall model (Eq. 1)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-betula-alleghaniensis-foliage/), Westfall et al. 2024: Betula alleghaniensis, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 3.3–70.36 cm; 130 trees.
   - [NSVB yellow birch, Warm Continental Division (210): foliage biomass, Schumacher-Hall model (Eq. 1)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-betula-alleghaniensis-210-foliage/), Westfall et al. 2024: Betula alleghaniensis, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 4.83–70.36 cm; 107 trees.

3. Westfall et al. 2024 (same genus): Fitted on the genus Betula; 38 trees across all species; DBH 2.54–46.99 cm; Read from the original paper.
   - [NSVB birch spp., species-level (all ecodivisions): foliage biomass, Schumacher-Hall model (Eq. 1)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-betula-spp-foliage/), Westfall et al. 2024: Betula, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 2.54–46.99 cm; 38 trees.

4. Repola & Ahnlund Ulvcrona 2014 (same genus): Fitted on the genus Betula; Number of trees not stated; Read from the original paper.
   - [Birch foliage biomass, young dense stands, N Sweden (Table 5)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/repola-2014-foliage-birch/), Repola & Ahnlund Ulvcrona 2014: Betula, Sweden; inputs DBH.

## Stem volume

1. Westfall et al. 2024 (this species): Fitted on this species; 306–2,927 trees; DBH 2.79–99.06 cm; Read from the original paper.
   - [NSVB yellow birch, species-level (all ecodivisions): total stem wood volume (inside bark), modified Wiley model (Eq. 4)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-betula-alleghaniensis-volume/), Westfall et al. 2024: Betula alleghaniensis, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 2.79–99.06 cm; 2,927 trees.
   - [NSVB yellow birch, Warm Continental Division (210): total stem wood volume (inside bark), modified Wiley model (Eq. 4)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-betula-alleghaniensis-210-volume/), Westfall et al. 2024: Betula alleghaniensis, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 4.83–99.06 cm; 1,356 trees.
   - [NSVB yellow birch, Hot Continental Division (220): total stem wood volume (inside bark), modified Wiley model (Eq. 4)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-betula-alleghaniensis-220-volume/), Westfall et al. 2024: Betula alleghaniensis, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 7.87–96.52 cm; 688 trees.
   - [NSVB yellow birch, Warm Continental Regime Mountains (M210): total stem wood volume (inside bark), modified Wiley model (Eq. 4)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-betula-alleghaniensis-m210-volume/), Westfall et al. 2024: Betula alleghaniensis, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 2.79–93.98 cm; 505 trees.
   - [NSVB yellow birch, Subarctic Division (130): total stem wood volume (inside bark), modified Wiley model (Eq. 4)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-betula-alleghaniensis-130-volume/), Westfall et al. 2024: Betula alleghaniensis, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 9.14–77.22 cm; 306 trees.

2. Westfall et al. 2024 (same genus): Fitted on the genus Betula; 144–394 trees across all species; DBH 2.54–88.39 cm; Read from the original paper.
   - [NSVB birch spp., species-level (all ecodivisions): total stem wood volume (inside bark), segmented model (Eq. 2), D ≥ 11 in (27.94 cm)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-betula-spp-volume-large/), Westfall et al. 2024: Betula, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 27.94–88.39 cm; 394 trees.
   - [NSVB birch spp., species-level (all ecodivisions): total stem wood volume (inside bark), segmented model (Eq. 2), D < 11 in (27.94 cm)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-betula-spp-volume-small/), Westfall et al. 2024: Betula, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 2.54–27.94 cm; 394 trees.
   - [NSVB birch spp., Hot Continental Regime Mountains (M220): total stem wood volume (inside bark), segmented model (Eq. 2), D ≥ 11 in (27.94 cm)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-betula-spp-m220-volume-large/), Westfall et al. 2024: Betula, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 27.94–88.39 cm; 236 trees.
   - [NSVB birch spp., Hot Continental Regime Mountains (M220): total stem wood volume (inside bark), segmented model (Eq. 2), D < 11 in (27.94 cm)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-betula-spp-m220-volume-small/), Westfall et al. 2024: Betula, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 2.54–27.94 cm; 236 trees.
   - [NSVB birch spp., Subtropical Division (230): total stem wood volume (inside bark), segmented model (Eq. 2), D ≥ 11 in (27.94 cm)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-betula-spp-230-volume-large/), Westfall et al. 2024: Betula, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 27.94–71.37 cm; 144 trees.
   - [NSVB birch spp., Subtropical Division (230): total stem wood volume (inside bark), segmented model (Eq. 2), D < 11 in (27.94 cm)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-betula-spp-230-volume-small/), Westfall et al. 2024: Betula, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 2.54–27.94 cm; 144 trees.