# Picea rubens

Pinaceae. 32 equations apply. Each output lists them most specific first: fitted on this species, on a variety of it, pooled fits that included it, then its genus and family. Within each step, equations the authors advised against go last, then those read from compilations; more trees come first. The order shows how specific the evidence is, not which equation predicts best.

Wood density 0.44 g/cm³, estimated from 16 samples in 2 studies by the [Global Wood Density Database v.2](https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16919509) (Fischer et al. 2026, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.70860; CC BY 4.0).

## Aboveground biomass

1. Lambert et al. 2005 (this species): Fitted on this species; 55 trees; DBH 6.5–43.5 cm; Read from the original paper.
   - [Canadian national equation, red spruce, dbh only (sum of wood, bark, branches, foliage; Table 3)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/lambert-2005-red-spruce/), Lambert et al. 2005: Picea rubens, Canada; inputs DBH; DBH 6.5–43.5 cm; 55 trees.
   - [Canadian national equation, red spruce, dbh and height (sum of wood, bark, branches, foliage; Table 4)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/lambert-2005-red-spruce-dbh-h/), Lambert et al. 2005: Picea rubens, Canada; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 6.5–43.5 cm; 55 trees.

2. Westfall et al. 2024 (this species): Fitted on this species; 48 trees; DBH 7.11–54.86 cm; Read from the original paper.
   - [NSVB red spruce, species-level (all ecodivisions): total aboveground biomass (without foliage), Schumacher-Hall model (Eq. 1)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-picea-rubens-agb/), Westfall et al. 2024: Picea rubens, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 7.11–54.86 cm; 48 trees.

3. Chojnacky et al. 2014 (pooled, includes it): Pooled fit on 4 species, this one included; Number of trees not stated; DBH 3–72 cm; Read from the original paper.
   - [North American taxa group: Picea ≥ 0.35 spg (Table 5)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/chojnacky-2014-picea-spg-ge-035/), Chojnacky et al. 2014: Picea ≥ 0.35 spg (P. abies, P. glauca, P. mariana, P. rubens), United States; inputs DBH; DBH 3–72 cm.

## Stem biomass

1. Lambert et al. 2005 (this species): Fitted on this species; 55 trees; DBH 6.5–43.5 cm; Read from the original paper.
   - [Canadian national equation, red spruce, dbh and height (stem wood plus stem bark; Table 4)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/lambert-2005-red-spruce-dbh-h-stem/), Lambert et al. 2005: Picea rubens, Canada; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 6.5–43.5 cm; 55 trees.
   - [Canadian national equation, red spruce, dbh only (stem wood plus stem bark; Table 3)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/lambert-2005-red-spruce-stem/), Lambert et al. 2005: Picea rubens, Canada; inputs DBH; DBH 6.5–43.5 cm; 55 trees.

2. Flade et al. 2021 (same genus): Fitted on 2 other Picea species, not this one; Number of trees not stated; Read from the original paper.
   - [Picea spp. stem biomass, cross-sectional area at 0.3 m (LLRC)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/flade-2021-picea-stem-llrc/), Flade et al. 2021: Picea spp., Canada; inputs D30.
   - [Picea spp. stem biomass, cross-sectional area at 0.3 m (NLS)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/flade-2021-picea-stem-nls/), Flade et al. 2021: Picea spp., Canada; inputs D30.

## Branch biomass

1. Lambert et al. 2005 (this species): Fitted on this species; 55 trees; DBH 6.5–43.5 cm; Read from the original paper.
   - [Canadian national equation, red spruce, dbh only (branches; Table 3)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/lambert-2005-red-spruce-branches/), Lambert et al. 2005: Picea rubens, Canada; inputs DBH; DBH 6.5–43.5 cm; 55 trees.
   - [Canadian national equation, red spruce, dbh and height (branches; Table 4)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/lambert-2005-red-spruce-dbh-h-branches/), Lambert et al. 2005: Picea rubens, Canada; inputs DBH; DBH 6.5–43.5 cm; 55 trees.

2. Westfall et al. 2024 (this species): Fitted on this species; 48 trees; DBH 7.11–54.86 cm; Read from the original paper.
   - [NSVB red spruce, species-level (all ecodivisions): branch biomass (wood and bark), Schumacher-Hall model (Eq. 1)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-picea-rubens-branch/), Westfall et al. 2024: Picea rubens, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 7.11–54.86 cm; 48 trees.

3. Flade et al. 2021 (same genus): Fitted on 2 other Picea species, not this one; Number of trees not stated; Read from the original paper.
   - [Picea spp. branch biomass, cross-sectional area at 0.3 m (LLRC)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/flade-2021-picea-branch-llrc/), Flade et al. 2021: Picea spp., Canada; inputs D30.
   - [Picea spp. branch biomass, cross-sectional area at 0.3 m (NLS)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/flade-2021-picea-branch-nls/), Flade et al. 2021: Picea spp., Canada; inputs D30.

## Foliage biomass

1. Westfall et al. 2024 (this species): Fitted on this species; 60–81 trees; DBH 5.84–71.63 cm; Read from the original paper.
   - [NSVB red spruce, species-level (all ecodivisions): foliage biomass, Schumacher-Hall model (Eq. 1)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-picea-rubens-foliage/), Westfall et al. 2024: Picea rubens, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 5.84–71.63 cm; 81 trees.
   - [NSVB red spruce, Hot Continental Regime Mountains (M220): foliage biomass, Schumacher-Hall model (Eq. 1)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-picea-rubens-m220-foliage/), Westfall et al. 2024: Picea rubens, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 5.84–71.63 cm; 60 trees.

2. Lambert et al. 2005 (this species): Fitted on this species; 55 trees; DBH 6.5–43.5 cm; Read from the original paper.
   - [Canadian national equation, red spruce, dbh and height (foliage; Table 4)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/lambert-2005-red-spruce-dbh-h-foliage/), Lambert et al. 2005: Picea rubens, Canada; inputs DBH; DBH 6.5–43.5 cm; 55 trees.
   - [Canadian national equation, red spruce, dbh only (foliage; Table 3)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/lambert-2005-red-spruce-foliage/), Lambert et al. 2005: Picea rubens, Canada; inputs DBH; DBH 6.5–43.5 cm; 55 trees.

3. Flade et al. 2021 (same genus): Fitted on 2 other Picea species, not this one; Number of trees not stated; Read from the original paper.
   - [Picea spp. leaf biomass, cross-sectional area at 0.3 m (LLRC)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/flade-2021-picea-leaf-llrc/), Flade et al. 2021: Picea spp., Canada; inputs D30.
   - [Picea spp. leaf biomass, cross-sectional area at 0.3 m (NLS)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/flade-2021-picea-leaf-nls/), Flade et al. 2021: Picea spp., Canada; inputs D30.

## Stem volume

1. Westfall et al. 2024 (this species): Fitted on this species; 227–4,118 trees; DBH 2.54–67.06 cm; Read from the original paper.
   - [NSVB red spruce, species-level (all ecodivisions): total stem wood volume (inside bark), segmented model (Eq. 2), D ≥ 9 in (22.86 cm)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-picea-rubens-volume-large/), Westfall et al. 2024: Picea rubens, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 22.86–67.06 cm; 4,118 trees.
   - [NSVB red spruce, species-level (all ecodivisions): total stem wood volume (inside bark), segmented model (Eq. 2), D < 9 in (22.86 cm)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-picea-rubens-volume-small/), Westfall et al. 2024: Picea rubens, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 2.54–22.86 cm; 4,118 trees.
   - [NSVB red spruce, Warm Continental Division (210): total stem wood volume (inside bark), segmented model (Eq. 2), D ≥ 9 in (22.86 cm)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-picea-rubens-210-volume-large/), Westfall et al. 2024: Picea rubens, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 22.86–63.5 cm; 2,194 trees.
   - [NSVB red spruce, Warm Continental Division (210): total stem wood volume (inside bark), segmented model (Eq. 2), D < 9 in (22.86 cm)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-picea-rubens-210-volume-small/), Westfall et al. 2024: Picea rubens, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 2.54–22.86 cm; 2,194 trees.
   - [NSVB red spruce, Warm Continental Regime Mountains (M210): total stem wood volume (inside bark), segmented model (Eq. 2), D ≥ 9 in (22.86 cm)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-picea-rubens-m210-volume-large/), Westfall et al. 2024: Picea rubens, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 22.86–67.06 cm; 1,636 trees.
   - [NSVB red spruce, Warm Continental Regime Mountains (M210): total stem wood volume (inside bark), segmented model (Eq. 2), D < 9 in (22.86 cm)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-picea-rubens-m210-volume-small/), Westfall et al. 2024: Picea rubens, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 2.79–22.86 cm; 1,636 trees.
   - [NSVB red spruce, Subarctic Division (130): total stem wood volume (inside bark), segmented model (Eq. 2), D ≥ 9 in (22.86 cm)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-picea-rubens-130-volume-large/), Westfall et al. 2024: Picea rubens, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 22.86–42.93 cm; 227 trees.
   - [NSVB red spruce, Subarctic Division (130): total stem wood volume (inside bark), segmented model (Eq. 2), D < 9 in (22.86 cm)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-picea-rubens-130-volume-small/), Westfall et al. 2024: Picea rubens, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 4.32–22.86 cm; 227 trees.

2. Westfall et al. 2024 (same genus): Fitted on the genus Picea; 555–5,910 trees across all species; DBH 4.06–101.85 cm; Read from the original paper.
   - [NSVB spruce spp., species-level (all ecodivisions): total stem wood volume (inside bark), modified Wiley model (Eq. 4)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-picea-spp-volume/), Westfall et al. 2024: Picea, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 4.06–101.85 cm; 5,910 trees.
   - [NSVB spruce spp., Warm Continental Regime Mountains (M210): total stem wood volume (inside bark), modified Wiley model (Eq. 4)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-picea-spp-m210-volume/), Westfall et al. 2024: Picea, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 10.41–88.65 cm; 2,413 trees.
   - [NSVB spruce spp., Subarctic Regime Mountains (M130): total stem wood volume (inside bark), modified Wiley model (Eq. 4)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-picea-spp-m130-volume/), Westfall et al. 2024: Picea, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 8.13–69.6 cm; 2,028 trees.
   - [NSVB spruce spp., Subarctic Division (130): total stem wood volume (inside bark), modified Wiley model (Eq. 4)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-picea-spp-130-volume/), Westfall et al. 2024: Picea, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 8.64–67.06 cm; 890 trees.
   - [NSVB spruce spp., Temperate Steppe Regime Mountains (M330): total stem wood volume (inside bark), modified Wiley model (Eq. 4)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-picea-spp-m330-volume/), Westfall et al. 2024: Picea, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 4.06–101.85 cm; 555 trees.