# Tilia americana

Malvaceae. 28 equations apply. Each output lists them most specific first: fitted on this species, on a variety of it, pooled fits that included it, then its genus and family. Within each step, equations the authors advised against go last, then those read from compilations; more trees come first. The order shows how specific the evidence is, not which equation predicts best.

Printed in sources as "Tilia americana var. heterophylla".

Wood density 0.33 g/cm³, estimated from 31 samples in 4 studies by the [Global Wood Density Database v.2](https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16919509) (Fischer et al. 2026, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.70860; CC BY 4.0).

## Aboveground biomass

1. Lambert et al. 2005 (this species): Fitted on this species; 80 trees; DBH 3.7–54.8 cm; Read from the original paper.
   - [Canadian national equation, basswood, dbh only (sum of wood, bark, branches, foliage; Table 3)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/lambert-2005-basswood/), Lambert et al. 2005: Tilia americana, Canada; inputs DBH; DBH 3.7–54.8 cm; 80 trees.
   - [Canadian national equation, basswood, dbh and height (sum of wood, bark, branches, foliage; Table 4)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/lambert-2005-basswood-dbh-h/), Lambert et al. 2005: Tilia americana, Canada; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 3.7–54.8 cm; 80 trees.

2. Westfall et al. 2024 (this species): Fitted on this species; 43 trees; DBH 4.32–71.37 cm; Read from the original paper.
   - [NSVB American basswood, species-level (all ecodivisions): total aboveground biomass (without foliage), Schumacher-Hall model (Eq. 1)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-tilia-americana-agb/), Westfall et al. 2024: Tilia americana, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 4.32–71.37 cm; 43 trees.

3. Chojnacky et al. 2014 (pooled, includes it): Pooled fit on 2 species, this one included; Number of trees not stated; DBH 3–56 cm; Read from the original paper.
   - [North American taxa group: Hippocastanaceae/Tiliaceae (Table 5)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/chojnacky-2014-hippocastanaceae-tiliaceae/), Chojnacky et al. 2014: Hippocastanaceae/Tiliaceae (Aesculus flava, Tilia americana), United States; inputs DBH; DBH 3–56 cm.

4. Westfall et al. 2024 (same genus): Fitted on the genus Tilia; 80–98 trees across all species; DBH 3.81–54.86 cm; Read from the original paper.
   - [NSVB basswood spp., species-level (all ecodivisions): total aboveground biomass (without foliage), Schumacher-Hall model (Eq. 1)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-tilia-spp-agb/), Westfall et al. 2024: Tilia, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 3.81–54.86 cm; 98 trees.
   - [NSVB basswood spp., Warm Continental Division (210): total aboveground biomass (without foliage), Schumacher-Hall model (Eq. 1)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-tilia-spp-210-agb/), Westfall et al. 2024: Tilia, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 3.81–54.86 cm; 80 trees.

## Stem biomass

1. Lambert et al. 2005 (this species): Fitted on this species; 80 trees; DBH 3.7–54.8 cm; Read from the original paper.
   - [Canadian national equation, basswood, dbh and height (stem wood plus stem bark; Table 4)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/lambert-2005-basswood-dbh-h-stem/), Lambert et al. 2005: Tilia americana, Canada; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 3.7–54.8 cm; 80 trees.
   - [Canadian national equation, basswood, dbh only (stem wood plus stem bark; Table 3)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/lambert-2005-basswood-stem/), Lambert et al. 2005: Tilia americana, Canada; inputs DBH; DBH 3.7–54.8 cm; 80 trees.

## Branch biomass

1. Lambert et al. 2005 (this species): Fitted on this species; 80 trees; DBH 3.7–54.8 cm; Read from the original paper.
   - [Canadian national equation, basswood, dbh only (branches; Table 3)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/lambert-2005-basswood-branches/), Lambert et al. 2005: Tilia americana, Canada; inputs DBH; DBH 3.7–54.8 cm; 80 trees.
   - [Canadian national equation, basswood, dbh and height (branches; Table 4)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/lambert-2005-basswood-dbh-h-branches/), Lambert et al. 2005: Tilia americana, Canada; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 3.7–54.8 cm; 80 trees.

2. Westfall et al. 2024 (this species): Fitted on this species; 43 trees; DBH 4.32–71.37 cm; Read from the original paper.
   - [NSVB American basswood, species-level (all ecodivisions): branch biomass (wood and bark), Schumacher-Hall model (Eq. 1)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-tilia-americana-branch/), Westfall et al. 2024: Tilia americana, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 4.32–71.37 cm; 43 trees.

3. Westfall et al. 2024 (same genus): Fitted on the genus Tilia; 80–98 trees across all species; DBH 3.81–54.86 cm; Read from the original paper.
   - [NSVB basswood spp., species-level (all ecodivisions): branch biomass (wood and bark), Schumacher-Hall model (Eq. 1)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-tilia-spp-branch/), Westfall et al. 2024: Tilia, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 3.81–54.86 cm; 98 trees.
   - [NSVB basswood spp., Warm Continental Division (210): branch biomass (wood and bark), Schumacher-Hall model (Eq. 1)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-tilia-spp-210-branch/), Westfall et al. 2024: Tilia, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 3.81–54.86 cm; 80 trees.

## Foliage biomass

1. Lambert et al. 2005 (this species): Fitted on this species; 80 trees; DBH 3.7–54.8 cm; Read from the original paper.
   - [Canadian national equation, basswood, dbh and height (foliage; Table 4)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/lambert-2005-basswood-dbh-h-foliage/), Lambert et al. 2005: Tilia americana, Canada; inputs DBH; DBH 3.7–54.8 cm; 80 trees.
   - [Canadian national equation, basswood, dbh only (foliage; Table 3)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/lambert-2005-basswood-foliage/), Lambert et al. 2005: Tilia americana, Canada; inputs DBH; DBH 3.7–54.8 cm; 80 trees.

2. Westfall et al. 2024 (this species): Fitted on this species; 48 trees; DBH 4.32–71.37 cm; Read from the original paper.
   - [NSVB American basswood, species-level (all ecodivisions): foliage biomass, Schumacher-Hall model (Eq. 1)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-tilia-americana-foliage/), Westfall et al. 2024: Tilia americana, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 4.32–71.37 cm; 48 trees.

3. Westfall et al. 2024 (var. heterophylla): Fitted on var. heterophylla only; 6 trees; DBH 8.13–32.77 cm; Read from the original paper.
   - [NSVB white basswood, species-level (all ecodivisions): foliage biomass, Schumacher-Hall model (Eq. 1)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-tilia-americana-var-heterophylla-foliage/), Westfall et al. 2024: Tilia americana var. heterophylla, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 8.13–32.77 cm; 6 trees.

4. Westfall et al. 2024 (same genus): Fitted on the genus Tilia; 80–98 trees across all species; DBH 3.81–54.86 cm; Read from the original paper.
   - [NSVB basswood spp., species-level (all ecodivisions): foliage biomass, Schumacher-Hall model (Eq. 1)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-tilia-spp-foliage/), Westfall et al. 2024: Tilia, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 3.81–54.86 cm; 98 trees.
   - [NSVB basswood spp., Warm Continental Division (210): foliage biomass, Schumacher-Hall model (Eq. 1)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-tilia-spp-210-foliage/), Westfall et al. 2024: Tilia, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 3.81–54.86 cm; 80 trees.

## Stem volume

1. Westfall et al. 2024 (this species): Fitted on this species; 108–401 trees; DBH 4.32–89.41 cm; Read from the original paper.
   - [NSVB American basswood, species-level (all ecodivisions): total stem wood volume (inside bark), segmented model (Eq. 2), D ≥ 11 in (27.94 cm)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-tilia-americana-volume-large/), Westfall et al. 2024: Tilia americana, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 27.94–89.41 cm; 401 trees.
   - [NSVB American basswood, species-level (all ecodivisions): total stem wood volume (inside bark), segmented model (Eq. 2), D < 11 in (27.94 cm)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-tilia-americana-volume-small/), Westfall et al. 2024: Tilia americana, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 4.32–27.94 cm; 401 trees.
   - [NSVB American basswood, Warm Continental Division (210): total stem wood volume (inside bark), segmented model (Eq. 2), D ≥ 11 in (27.94 cm)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-tilia-americana-210-volume-large/), Westfall et al. 2024: Tilia americana, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 27.94–67.82 cm; 280 trees.
   - [NSVB American basswood, Warm Continental Division (210): total stem wood volume (inside bark), segmented model (Eq. 2), D < 11 in (27.94 cm)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-tilia-americana-210-volume-small/), Westfall et al. 2024: Tilia americana, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 4.32–27.94 cm; 280 trees.
   - [NSVB American basswood, Hot Continental Division (220): total stem wood volume (inside bark), segmented model (Eq. 2), D ≥ 11 in (27.94 cm)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-tilia-americana-220-volume-large/), Westfall et al. 2024: Tilia americana, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 27.94–89.41 cm; 108 trees.
   - [NSVB American basswood, Hot Continental Division (220): total stem wood volume (inside bark), segmented model (Eq. 2), D < 11 in (27.94 cm)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-tilia-americana-220-volume-small/), Westfall et al. 2024: Tilia americana, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 6.6–27.94 cm; 108 trees.

2. Westfall et al. 2024 (same genus): Fitted on the genus Tilia; 200–707 trees across all species; DBH 3.81–94.49 cm; Read from the original paper.
   - [NSVB basswood spp., species-level (all ecodivisions): total stem wood volume (inside bark), modified Wiley model (Eq. 4)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-tilia-spp-volume/), Westfall et al. 2024: Tilia, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 3.81–94.49 cm; 707 trees.
   - [NSVB basswood spp., Warm Continental Division (210): total stem wood volume (inside bark), modified Wiley model (Eq. 4)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-tilia-spp-210-volume/), Westfall et al. 2024: Tilia, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 3.81–94.49 cm; 478 trees.
   - [NSVB basswood spp., Hot Continental Regime Mountains (M220): total stem wood volume (inside bark), modified Wiley model (Eq. 4)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-tilia-spp-m220-volume/), Westfall et al. 2024: Tilia, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 4.06–69.34 cm; 200 trees.