# Ulmus americana

Ulmaceae. 27 equations apply. Each output lists them most specific first: fitted on this species, on a variety of it, pooled fits that included it, then its genus and family. Within each step, equations the authors advised against go last, then those read from compilations; more trees come first. The order shows how specific the evidence is, not which equation predicts best.

Wood density 0.54 g/cm³, estimated from 34 samples in 5 studies by the [Global Wood Density Database v.2](https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16919509) (Fischer et al. 2026, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.70860; CC BY 4.0).

## Aboveground biomass

1. Lambert et al. 2005 (this species): Fitted on this species; 81 trees; DBH 0.7–55.2 cm; Read from the original paper.
   - [Canadian national equation, white elm, dbh only (sum of wood, bark, branches, foliage; Table 3)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/lambert-2005-white-elm/), Lambert et al. 2005: Ulmus americana, Canada; inputs DBH; DBH 0.7–55.2 cm; 81 trees.
   - [Canadian national equation, white elm, dbh and height (sum of wood, bark, branches, foliage; Table 4)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/lambert-2005-white-elm-dbh-h/), Lambert et al. 2005: Ulmus americana, Canada; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 0.7–55.2 cm; 81 trees.

2. Westfall et al. 2024 (this species): Fitted on this species; 92–105 trees; DBH 2.54–55.12 cm; Read from the original paper.
   - [NSVB American elm, species-level (all ecodivisions): total aboveground biomass (without foliage), Schumacher-Hall model (Eq. 1)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-ulmus-americana-agb/), Westfall et al. 2024: Ulmus americana, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 2.54–55.12 cm; 105 trees.
   - [NSVB American elm, Warm Continental Division (210): total aboveground biomass (without foliage), Schumacher-Hall model (Eq. 1)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-ulmus-americana-210-agb/), Westfall et al. 2024: Ulmus americana, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 3.56–55.12 cm; 92 trees.

3. Chojnacky et al. 2014 (pooled, includes it): Pooled fit on 13 named species and others, this one included; Number of trees not stated; DBH 3–64 cm; Read from the original paper.
   - [North American taxa group: Cornaceae/Ericaceae/Lauraceae/Platanaceae/Rosaceae/Ulmaceae (Table 5)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/chojnacky-2014-mixed-hardwood/), Chojnacky et al. 2014: Cornaceae/Ericaceae/Lauraceae/Platanaceae/Rosaceae/Ulmaceae (Cornus florida, Nyssa aquatica, N. sylvatica, Arbutus menziesii, Oxydendrum arboreum, Umbellularia californica, Sassafras albidum, Platanus occidentalis, Amelanchier spp., Prunus pensylvanica, P. serotina, P. virginiana, Sorbus americana, Ulmus americana, U. spp.), United States; inputs DBH; DBH 3–64 cm.

4. Westfall et al. 2024 (same genus): Fitted on the genus Ulmus; 51–55 trees across all species; DBH 2.54–28.45 cm; Read from the original paper.
   - [NSVB elm spp., species-level (all ecodivisions): total aboveground biomass (without foliage), Schumacher-Hall model (Eq. 1)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-ulmus-spp-agb/), Westfall et al. 2024: Ulmus, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 2.54–28.45 cm; 55 trees.
   - [NSVB elm spp., Subtropical Division (230): total aboveground biomass (without foliage), Schumacher-Hall model (Eq. 1)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-ulmus-spp-230-agb/), Westfall et al. 2024: Ulmus, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 2.54–28.45 cm; 51 trees.

## Stem biomass

1. Lambert et al. 2005 (this species): Fitted on this species; 81 trees; DBH 0.7–55.2 cm; Read from the original paper.
   - [Canadian national equation, white elm, dbh and height (stem wood plus stem bark; Table 4)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/lambert-2005-white-elm-dbh-h-stem/), Lambert et al. 2005: Ulmus americana, Canada; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 0.7–55.2 cm; 81 trees.
   - [Canadian national equation, white elm, dbh only (stem wood plus stem bark; Table 3)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/lambert-2005-white-elm-stem/), Lambert et al. 2005: Ulmus americana, Canada; inputs DBH; DBH 0.7–55.2 cm; 81 trees.

## Branch biomass

1. Westfall et al. 2024 (this species): Fitted on this species; 92–105 trees; DBH 2.54–55.12 cm; Read from the original paper.
   - [NSVB American elm, species-level (all ecodivisions): branch biomass (wood and bark), Schumacher-Hall model (Eq. 1)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-ulmus-americana-branch/), Westfall et al. 2024: Ulmus americana, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 2.54–55.12 cm; 105 trees.
   - [NSVB American elm, Warm Continental Division (210): branch biomass (wood and bark), Schumacher-Hall model (Eq. 1)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-ulmus-americana-210-branch/), Westfall et al. 2024: Ulmus americana, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 3.56–55.12 cm; 92 trees.

2. Lambert et al. 2005 (this species): Fitted on this species; 81 trees; DBH 0.7–55.2 cm; Read from the original paper.
   - [Canadian national equation, white elm, dbh only (branches; Table 3)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/lambert-2005-white-elm-branches/), Lambert et al. 2005: Ulmus americana, Canada; inputs DBH; DBH 0.7–55.2 cm; 81 trees.
   - [Canadian national equation, white elm, dbh and height (branches; Table 4)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/lambert-2005-white-elm-dbh-h-branches/), Lambert et al. 2005: Ulmus americana, Canada; inputs DBH; DBH 0.7–55.2 cm; 81 trees.

3. Westfall et al. 2024 (same genus): Fitted on the genus Ulmus; 51–55 trees across all species; DBH 2.54–28.45 cm; Read from the original paper.
   - [NSVB elm spp., species-level (all ecodivisions): branch biomass (wood and bark), Schumacher-Hall model (Eq. 1)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-ulmus-spp-branch/), Westfall et al. 2024: Ulmus, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 2.54–28.45 cm; 55 trees.
   - [NSVB elm spp., Subtropical Division (230): branch biomass (wood and bark), Schumacher-Hall model (Eq. 1)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-ulmus-spp-230-branch/), Westfall et al. 2024: Ulmus, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 2.54–28.45 cm; 51 trees.

## Foliage biomass

1. Westfall et al. 2024 (this species): Fitted on this species; 92–104 trees; DBH 2.54–55.12 cm; Read from the original paper.
   - [NSVB American elm, species-level (all ecodivisions): foliage biomass, Schumacher-Hall model (Eq. 1)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-ulmus-americana-foliage/), Westfall et al. 2024: Ulmus americana, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 2.54–55.12 cm; 104 trees.
   - [NSVB American elm, Warm Continental Division (210): foliage biomass, Schumacher-Hall model (Eq. 1)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-ulmus-americana-210-foliage/), Westfall et al. 2024: Ulmus americana, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 3.56–55.12 cm; 92 trees.

2. Lambert et al. 2005 (this species): Fitted on this species; 81 trees; DBH 0.7–55.2 cm; Read from the original paper.
   - [Canadian national equation, white elm, dbh and height (foliage; Table 4)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/lambert-2005-white-elm-dbh-h-foliage/), Lambert et al. 2005: Ulmus americana, Canada; inputs DBH; DBH 0.7–55.2 cm; 81 trees.
   - [Canadian national equation, white elm, dbh only (foliage; Table 3)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/lambert-2005-white-elm-foliage/), Lambert et al. 2005: Ulmus americana, Canada; inputs DBH; DBH 0.7–55.2 cm; 81 trees.

3. Westfall et al. 2024 (same genus): Fitted on the genus Ulmus; 51–55 trees across all species; DBH 2.54–28.45 cm; Read from the original paper.
   - [NSVB elm spp., species-level (all ecodivisions): foliage biomass, Schumacher-Hall model (Eq. 1)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-ulmus-spp-foliage/), Westfall et al. 2024: Ulmus, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 2.54–28.45 cm; 55 trees.
   - [NSVB elm spp., Subtropical Division (230): foliage biomass, Schumacher-Hall model (Eq. 1)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-ulmus-spp-230-foliage/), Westfall et al. 2024: Ulmus, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 2.54–28.45 cm; 51 trees.

## Stem volume

1. Westfall et al. 2024 (this species): Fitted on this species; 172–315 trees; DBH 2.54–67.82 cm; Read from the original paper.
   - [NSVB American elm, species-level (all ecodivisions): total stem wood volume (inside bark), segmented model (Eq. 2), D ≥ 11 in (27.94 cm)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-ulmus-americana-volume-large/), Westfall et al. 2024: Ulmus americana, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 27.94–67.82 cm; 315 trees.
   - [NSVB American elm, species-level (all ecodivisions): total stem wood volume (inside bark), segmented model (Eq. 2), D < 11 in (27.94 cm)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-ulmus-americana-volume-small/), Westfall et al. 2024: Ulmus americana, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 2.54–27.94 cm; 315 trees.
   - [NSVB American elm, Warm Continental Division (210): total stem wood volume (inside bark), segmented model (Eq. 2), D ≥ 11 in (27.94 cm)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-ulmus-americana-210-volume-large/), Westfall et al. 2024: Ulmus americana, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 27.94–67.82 cm; 172 trees.
   - [NSVB American elm, Warm Continental Division (210): total stem wood volume (inside bark), segmented model (Eq. 2), D < 11 in (27.94 cm)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-ulmus-americana-210-volume-small/), Westfall et al. 2024: Ulmus americana, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 3.56–27.94 cm; 172 trees.

2. Westfall et al. 2024 (same genus): Fitted on the genus Ulmus; 490–544 trees across all species; DBH 2.54–87.12 cm; Read from the original paper.
   - [NSVB elm spp., species-level (all ecodivisions): total stem wood volume (inside bark), Schumacher-Hall model (Eq. 1)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-ulmus-spp-volume/), Westfall et al. 2024: Ulmus, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 2.54–87.12 cm; 544 trees.
   - [NSVB elm spp., Subtropical Division (230): total stem wood volume (inside bark), Schumacher-Hall model (Eq. 1)](https://treeallometry.org/equations/westfall-2024-ulmus-spp-230-volume/), Westfall et al. 2024: Ulmus, United States; inputs DBH + Height; DBH 2.54–87.12 cm; 490 trees.